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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece. Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.〔(World Council of Churches: Church of Greece ). Retrieved: 28 November 2013.〕 By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.〔 Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".〔Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens. ''(Address to the Conference organised by the Synodal Committee on European Issues, entitled “Islam: the extent of the problematics” ).'' Holy Monastery of Penteli, Attica, 12/5/2007.〕〔Demetrios Constantelos. ''(Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek Orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study ).'' Archives of Suicide Research, Volume 8, No 1, 2004. (Myriobiblos Library).〕 The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous. The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.〔Charalambos K. Papastathis and Nikos Maghioros. ''"(Greece: A Faithful Orthodox Christian State. THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC )."'' In: Javier Martínez-Torrón and W. Cole Durham, Jr.. Religion and the Secular State: National Reports (Issued for the occasion of the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, D.C., July 2010). Published by: Complutense Universidad de Madrid, in cooperation with The International Center for Law and Religion Studies, Brigham Young University. July 2014. pp. 339-340.〕 In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.〔The Globe and Mail (Canada's National Newspaper). ''"Orthodox Church at Crossroads."'' 10 November 1995. p. A14.〕 The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.〔Victor Roudometof. ''Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Disputes. Report.'' Sociology of Religion. Vol. 69 No. 1. 22 March 2008. Pg. 67(25). ISSN: 1069-4404.〕〔"Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."〕 The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.〔 The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.〔U.S. Department of State. ''(International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Greece ).'' Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2012.〕 Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.〔 The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),〔''"Greece."'' D&B Country Riskline Reports (News). May 2013.〕 of which 95%〔 ''"(Η θρησκευτική πίστη.‘Ανήκετε σε κάποια θρησκεία, και αν ναι, σε ποια; )"'' Πανελλαδική Έρευνα Metron Forum. 29 Δεκεμβρίου 2011. σελ. 50.〕 to 98%〔''"(Europe: Greece )."'' CIA – The World Factbook. Page last updated on 7 May 2013. Retrieved: 21 May 2013.〕 are Greek Orthodox. == Latin Occupation and End of Byzantium (1204–1453) == (詳細はFourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, laying waste to the city and stealing many relics and other items;〔Brian Murphy. ''"East might meet West in ancient grave site Find may clarify a key period of Greek history, when the Christian Orthodox and Ottoman Empires met."'' The Globe and Mail (Ont ). 12 July 1997. Page A.8.〕〔Thomas F. Madden. ''"Vows and Contracts in the Fourth Crusade: The Treaty of Zara and the Attack on Constantinople in 1204."'' The International History Review. 15.3 (Aug. 1993): pp.441–68.〕 the Great Schism is generally regarded as having been completed by this act; Venetians use the imperial monastery of Christ Pantocrator as their headquarters in Constantinople. *1204 Latin Occupation of mainland Greece under Franks and Venetians begins: the Latin Empire of Constantinople, Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Principality of Achaea, and the Duchy of Athens; the Venetians controlled the Duchy of the Archipelago in the Aegean; Othon de la Roche of Burgundy becomes Duke of Athens.〔Michael Llewellyn-Smith (2004). "(Chronology )". ''Athens: A Cultural and Literary History.'' USA: Interlink Books. p. xv. ISBN 978-1-56656-540-0.〕 *1205 Latins annex Athens and convert the Parthenon into a Roman Catholic church – ''Santa Maria di Athene'', later ''Notre Dame d'Athene''. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until defeated by the Ottomans in 1669. *1224 The Byzantines recover Thessaloniki and surrounding area, under the Greek ruler of Epirus Theodore Komnenos Doukas. *1231 Monk-martyrs and Confessors of the Monastery of Panagia of Kantara, on Cyprus, who suffered under the Latins.〔''(May 19/June 1 ).'' Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).〕〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Οἱ Ἅγιοι Βαρνάβας, Γεννάδιος, Γεράσιμος, Γερμανός, Θεόγνωστος, Θεόκτιστος, Ἱερεμίας, Ἰωάννης, Ἰωσήφ, Κόνων, Κύριλλος, Μάξιμος καὶ Μάρκος οἱ Ὁσιομάρτυρες ).'' 19 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1234 Delegates of the two churches met first at Nicaea and then at Nymphaeum (Asia Minor), negotiating the issues related to the union of the Churches, including dogmatic issues, however the dialogue came to a dead end.〔Banev Guentcho. ''(John III Vatatzes ).'' Transl. Koutras, Nikolaos. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor (EHW). 12/16/2002. Retrieved: 7 November 2011.〕 *1235 Venerable saints Olympiada, abbess, and nun Euphrosyne martyred by pirates on Lesbos.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Οἱ Ἁγίες Ὀλυμπία καὶ Εὐφροσύνη οἱ Ὁσιομάρτυρες ).'' 11 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(May 11/24 ).'' Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU). Retrieved: 10 July 2013.〕 *1236 On the occasion of a joint Byzantine-Bulgarian siege of Latin Constantinople, Pope Gregory IX issued a crusading bull authorizing a crusade against the Byzantines under Emperor John Vatatzes.〔 *c. 1238-63 Construction of the Church of Hagia Sophia in Trabzon, capital of the Empire of Trebizond, regarded as one of the finest examples of Byzantine architecture.〔Eastmond, Anthony. "The Byzantine Empires in the Thirteenth Century". In: ''Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, p. 1.〕〔''(Erasing the Christian past: A fine Byzantine church in Turkey has been converted into a mosque ).'' The Economist: Religion in Turkey. Jul 27th 2013. Retrieved: 3 September, 2015.〕 *1243 Decisive Mongol victory over the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (with capital at Iconium), at the Battle of Köse Dağ.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 3. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1249 Mystras citadel built by Franks in the Peloponnese. *1258 Michael VIII Palaiologos seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece. *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos makes Mystras seat of the new Despotate of Morea, where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1265–1310 Arsenite Schism of Constantinople, beginning when Patr. Arsenius Autorianus excommunicated emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. *1274 Orthodox clergy attending the Second Council of Lyon, accept supremacy of Rome and filioque clause. *1275 Unionist Patr. of Constantinople John XI Beccus elected to replace Patr. Joseph I Galesiotes, who opposed Council of Lyon; Persecution of Athonite monks by Emp. Michael VIII and Patr. John XI Beccus. *c. 1276–80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of Iviron Monastery.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἰβηρίτες Ὁσιομάρτυρες ).'' 13 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 *1279 Hieromonk Ieronymos Agathangelos writes an ''(Apocalypse )'' dealing with the destinies of the nations. *1281 Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the Sicilian Vespers. *1282 Death of 26 martyrs of Zografou monastery on Mount Athos, martyred by the Latins.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Οἱ Ἅγιοι 26 οἱ Ὁσιομάρτυρες Ζωγραφίτες τοῦ Ἁγίου Ὄρους ).'' 10 Οκτωβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 *1285 Death of venerable martyrs Abbot Euthymius and twelve monks of Vatopedi, who suffered martyrdom for denouncing the Latinizing rulers Michael Paleologos (1261–1281) and John Bekkos (1275–1282) as heretics;〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Εὐθύμιος Ἡγούμενος Μονῆς Βατοπαιδίου και οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ μαρτυρήσαντες 12 Μοναχοί ).'' 4 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(Venerable Euthymius Martyred at Vatopedi of Mt Athos ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 Council of Blachernae, convened and presided over by Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory II the Cypriot, condemns the actions of the eastern delegation at the false council of Lyons (1274) and also condemns the Franko-Latins who use of the filioque clause, thus officially repudiating the accommodation with Rome.〔Dale T. Irvin and Scott Sunquist. ''(History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453 ).'' A&C Black, 2002. p. 444.〕 *1287 Last record of Western Rite Monastery of Amalfion (Monastery of Saint Mary of the Latins) on Mount Athos.〔Fr. Hieromonk Aidan Keller. ''(Amalfion: Western Rite Monastery of Mt. Athos ).'' A Monograph with Notes & Illustrations. St. Hilarion Press, 1994–2002.〕 *1292 The monastery of St. Nicholas is founded on Ioannina Island by Michael Philanthropinos (who had served as the Metropolitan of Ioannina), being oldest of five Greek Orthodox monasteries established there between the 13th and 17th centuries.〔Fred A. Reed. ''"The Greece of Ali Pasha."'' The Globe and Mail (Ont ). 10 February 1988. Page C.1.〕 *14th century "Golden Age" of Thessaloniki in both literature and art, many churches and monasteries built.〔''(Byzantine churches (Unesco World Heritage Sites) ).'' Thessaloniki Convention & Visitors Bureau (TCVB). Retrieved 30 January 2013.〕 *1300–1400 The "''Chronicle of Morea''" (Το χρονικό του Μορέως) narrates events of the establishment of feudalism in mainland Greece, mainly in the Morea/Peloponnese, by the Franks following the Fourth Crusade, covering a period from 1204 to 1292.〔''(French of Outremer: The Chronicle of Morea ).'' Fordham University. Retrieved: 28 January 2013.〕〔Teresa Shawcross. ''(The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Crusader Greece ).'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.〕〔 Ζέπος Π. ''"Το δίκαιον εις το Χρονικόν του Μορέως."'' Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών. 18(1948), 202–220. (P. Zepos. ''"The Law in the Chronicle of the Morea."'' Annals of the Society for Byzantine Studies. 18(1948), 202–220.)〕 *1309 Rhodes falls to the Knights of St. John, who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the "Knights of Rhodes". *1310 Arsenite Schism of Constantinople is officially ended by the reconciliation of the Arsenites to the Josephites, in a dramatic ceremony at Hagia Sophia on 14 Sep 1310.〔Alexander P. Kahzdan (Ed). ''"Arsenites."'' The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780195046526〕 *1311 Athens was conquered by the Catalan Company, a band of mercenaries called ''Almogavars'', who made Catalan the official language and replaced the French and Byzantine-derived laws of the Principality of Achaea with the laws of Catalonia. *1314 Foundation of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos in Kleisoura, Kastoria.〔 (ΙΕΡΑ ΜΟΝΗ ΓΕΝΕΘΛΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΤΟΚΟΥ ΚΛΕΙΣΟΥΡΑΣ ΚΑΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ). Μοναστήρια της Ελλάδας. Sunday, September 9th, 2012. Retrieved: 22 December 2013.〕 *c. 1320 Death of Righteous Gerasimos, Ascetic of Euboea, Orthodox missionary in Greece in the period of the Frankokratia.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Γεράσιμος ὁ ἐξ Εὐρίπου (Εὐβοίας) ).'' 7 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔 Συναξαριστής. ''(7 Δεκεμβρίου ).'' ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ). 〕 *1321-28 Byzantine civil war.〔Angeliki E. Laiou. "The Byzantine empire in the fourteenth century." In: Michael Jones (Ed.). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume VI c.1300 - c.1415.'' Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 804.〕 *1326 The city of Prussa in Asia Minor falls to the Ottomans after a nine-year siege. *c. 1326–1330 The Ottoman Janissary corps is first created by Sultan Orhan I, under the patronage of the Sufi Mystic Haji Bektas, converting many to Islam.〔David Nicolle. ''The Janissaries.'' London: Osprey Publishing. pp.9–10. ISBN 9781855324138〕〔Benjamin Vincent. ''Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information.'' 17th Edition. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1884. p.702.〕 *1329 Greek monk and wonderworker St. Sergius of Valaam co-founded the Valaam Monastery (along with Herman of Valaam), in Russian Karelia on Valaam island, and is credited with bringing Orthodox Christianity to the Karelian and Finnish people. *1331 The city of Nicaea, capital of the Empire only 100 years previously, falls to the Ottomans.〔Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters. ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.'' New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009. p. 612.〕 *1336 Meteora in Greece are established as a center of Orthodox monasticism, with the founding of the Great Meteoron Monastery.〔Dana Facaros, Linda Theodorou. ''Greece.'' Country and Regional Guides – Cadogan Series. New Holland Publishers, 2003. p. 510. ISBN 9781860118982〕 *1337 Nicomedia captured by Ottomans. *1338 Gregory Palamas writes ''Triads in defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of hesychast spirituality and the use of the Jesus Prayer.〔''"Palamas, Saint Gregory."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1341–47 Byzantine Civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91), sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War.〔Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)", in Mango, Cyril, ''The Oxford History of Byzantium.'' Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 263, 265. ISBN 0-19-814098-3〕 *1341–51 Six patriarchal sessions of the Ninth Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople, convened by Roman Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, presided over by Ecumenical Patriarch John Kalekas and attended by the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, and several bishops and abbots, including St. Gregory Palamas, through which the Orthodox Church affirmed the hesychastic theology of Gregory Palamas and condemned rationalistic philosophy of Barlaam of Calabria and the Akindynite heresy.〔〔Stavros L. K. Markou. ''(An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline ).'' Retrieved: 24 February 2015.〕 *1345 Byzantine jurist Constantine Harmenopoulos compiles the ''Hexabiblos'' in six volumes from a wide range of Byzantine legal sources.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 49. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1346 Council of Adrianople, convened and presided over by Patriarch Lazarus of Jerusalem, and attended by several Thracian bishops, deposes Ecumenical Patriarch John Kalekas for supporting and ordaining the condemned heretic, Gregory Akindynos.〔 *c. 1351 Holy Royal Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of the Vlatades (Moni Vlatadon) is founded in Thessaloniki.〔''"(The Holy Royal Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of the Vlatades (Moni Vlatadon) )."'' The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. retrieved: 28 January 2013.〕 *1354 Byzantine ''Mesazon'' and theologioan Demetrios Kydones, a Thomist, or Latinizer, translated the ''Summa contra Gentiles'' of Thomas Aquinas into Greek;〔Christos Yannaras. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p.3.〕 Ottomans make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli.〔 *1359 Death of Gregory Palamas the Wonderworker, Abp. of Thessaloniki;〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ὁ Παλαμᾶς ὁ Θαυματουργός Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Θεσσαλονίκης ).'' 14 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 the first Greek Metropolitan is appointed in Wallachia, and between 1381-1386 in Moldavia.〔D.A. Zakythinós (Professor). ''The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976. p. 101. ISBN 9780631153603〕 *1360 Death of Venerable Saint John Kukuzelis the Hymnographer.〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἰωάννης ὁ ψάλτης ὁ καλούμενος Κουκουζέλης ).'' 1 Οκτωβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *c. 1361–1365 Ottoman Sultan Murad I formalized the famous corps of Janissaries by exacting a tribute ("child levy" – Devşirme) in children from Orthodox Christian subjects in the Balkans, conscripting the flower of Orthodox Christendom before adolescence, converting them to Islam and raising them to become Muslim soldiers and administrators.〔〔John Wilkes. ''Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature.'' Volume XXIV. London, 1829. p.148.〕〔Patrick Kinross. ''The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire.'' London: Perennial. 1977. pp 48–52.〕 *1362 Adrianople fell to the Ottomans and served as the forward base for Ottoman expansion into Europe.〔''"Edirne."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.〕 *1374 Dionysius the Hagiorite (''Denys de Korisos'') obtains a Chrysobull from Alexios III Comnenus, Emperor of Trebizond, founding the Monastery of Dionysiou.〔〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Διονύσιος κτίτωρ Ἱερᾶς Μονῆς Διονυσίου Ἁγίου Ὄρους ).'' 25 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1383 The Ottoman Turks seize Mount Athos.〔Treasures from Mount Athos. ''(CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS ).'' Hellenic Resources Network (HR-Net). Retrieved: 23 May 2013.〕 *1386-7 Church of St Athanasius of Mouzaki built in Kastoria, Greece.〔 ''(Άγιος Αθανάσιος του Μουζάκη ).'' Δήμος Καστοριάς (Kastoria City). Retrieved: 28 August 2013.〕 *1390 Ottomans take Philadelphia, last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia.〔 *c. 1391–1394 In a ''(Dialogue with a Learned Moslem )'', Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus commented on such issues as forced conversion, holy war, and the relationship between faith and reason.〔Manuel Paleologus. ''(Dialogues with a Learned Moslem ).'' (Transl. Roger Pearse, Ipswich, UK, 2009). Dialogue 7 (2009), Chapters 1–18 (of 37).〕〔Andrew G. Bostom. ''("The Pope, Jihad, and 'Dialogue'" ).'' American Thinker. 17 September 2006. Retrieved: 16 March 2013.〕 *1392 Death of Nicholas Cabasilas, well known theological writer and mystic of the Orthodox Church who took the side of the monks of Mount Athos and St Gregory Palamas in the Hesychast controversy.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Νικόλαος Καβάσιλας ).'' 20 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1394–1402 Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege and blockade Constantinople for the first time.〔 * 15th century By the 15th century, only 17 metropolitanates, 1 archbishopric, and 3 bishoprics survived in Anatolia (Asia Minor), an area that had at one time possessed over 50 metropolitanates and more than 400 bishoprics.〔Speros Vryonis. ''The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh Through the Fifteenth Century.'' Volume 4 of Publications of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. University of California Press, 1971. pp. 348-349. ISBN 9780520015975〕 *1403 After the Turks are defeated at the Battle of Ankara (1402),〔 Mount Athos is restored to Byzantine sovereignty.〔 *1406 Manuel II Palaeologus issues the third Typikon of Mount Athos.〔 *1411 Death of Niphon of Mount Athos, proponent of hesychastic theology and wonderworker.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ὅσιος Νήφων ὁ Καυσοκαλυβίτης ).'' 14 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 *1416 Ottoman fleet is destroyed by Venetians at Gallipoli.〔 *1422 Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople.〔〔Stanford J. Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808.'' Cambridge University Press, 1976. p. 45.〕〔Edwin Pears. ''The Destruction of the Greek Empire And the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks.'' 1908. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pp. 114–115.〕 *1423-30 Thessaloniki was under Venetian control.〔 *1424 A delegation of Athonite monks visits Sultan Murad II, in Adrianople.〔 *1426 Death of New Martyr Ephraim of Nea Makri, a saint "newly revealed" ("νεοφανείς") in 1950.〔Great Synaxaristes: ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἐφραὶμ ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας ὁ ἐν Νέᾳ Μάκρῃ Ἀττικῆς ).'' 5 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(New Martyr Ephraim ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 *1430 Ottomans final capture of Thessaloniki;〔〔cf. the account of John Anagnostes.〕 the monks of Mount Athos submit to Sultan Murad II and keep their autonomy.〔''(Timeline of the History of the Greek Church ).'' Anagnosis Books, Deliyianni 3, Marousi 15122, Greece. Retrieved 25 April 2013.〕 *1438 Ottoman Sultan Murad II officially codified the Devşirme system of levying taxes in the form of Christian youths from the empire, involving enforced conversion to Islam.〔 *1439 Saint Mark of Ephesus courageously defended Orthodoxy at the Council of Florence, being the only Eastern bishop to refuse to sign the decrees of the council, regarded as a "Pillar of Orthodoxy" by the Church;〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ὁ Ἅγιος Μᾶρκος ὁ Εὐγενικὸς Ἐπίσκοπος Ἐφέσου ).'' 19 Ιανουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕〔''(St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus ).'' OCA – Feasts and Saints.〕 Council of Florence unsuccessfully tries to unite the Greek East and Latin West.〔Michael Angold (Ed.). ''Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge History of Christianity.'' Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 73–78. ISBN 9780521811132〕 *1443 Council of Jerusalem, attended by the Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem condemened the union that was pronounced at the Council of Florence and threatened to excommunicate the Emperor and all who adhered to it, denouncing Metrophanes II of Constantinople as a heretic, and cancelling his Ordinations.〔Rev. A. H. Hore. ''(Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church ).'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. p. 471.〕 *1448 Council of Russian hierarchs in Moscow elects Jonah of Riazan as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia, being the first independent Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus', having been appointed without the approval of the Patriarch in Constantinople as was the norm.〔〔E. E. Golubinskii. ''Istoriia russkoi tserkvi.'' Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 469.〕 *1450 Death of Empress Helena Palaeologina (Saint Ypomoni of Loutraki);〔Great Synaxaristes : ''(Ἡ Ὁσία Ὑπομονή ).'' 29 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 Council of Constantinople convoked by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos declined to accept the resolutions passed by the Council of Florence which were in favor of the union of the Greek and Latin churches.〔Rev. John McClintock (D.D.),and James Strong (S.T.D.). ''Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature.'' Vol. II - C, D. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1868. p. 491.〕〔Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa, and, Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro. ''(A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy ).'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). April 10, 2014. p. 4.〕 *1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in the cathedral of Hagia Sophia on 12 December, five months before the city fell, on the West's terms, when Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, under pressure from Rome, allowed the union to be proclaimed by the former Metropolitan of Kiev Isidore, who had participated in the Council of Florence and was now a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, and who read the solemn promulgation of union and celebrated the union liturgy, including the name of the pope, arousing the greatest agitation among the population of the city.〔Georgije Ostrogorski. ''(History of the Byzantine State ).'' Rutgers University Press, 1969. p.568.〕〔E. Glenn Hinson. ''(The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity up to 1300 ).'' Mercer University Press, 1995. p.443.〕 *1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottomans, ending Roman Empire;〔A. A. Vasiliev. ''(History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 ).'' Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1958. pp. 650–653.〕 on the eve of the fall of city the last Megas Doux of the Byzantine Empire Loukas Notaras remarked: ''"better the turban of the Turk than the tiara of the Latin ();"''〔Christopher Allmand, Rosamond McKitterick (Eds.). ''(The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, C.1415-c.1500 ).'' Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 782. ISBN 9780521382960〕 Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque;〔 Wolfgang Müller-Wiener. ''Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh.'' Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1977. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3.〕〔Steven Runciman. ''The Fall of Constantinople, 1453.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965. p. 149. ISBN 0-521-39832-0.〕 martyrdom of Constantine XI Palaiologos, last of the Byzantine Emperors;〔Donald Nicol. ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453.'' Cambridge University Press, 1993 p. 369.〕 of the 100,000 inhabitants of Constantinople, about 40,000 are supposed to have perished in the siege, and the Greek aristocracy was either then or immediately afterwards annihilated;〔Rev. A. H. Hore. ''(Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church ).'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. p. 478.〕 many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the Renaissance; beginning of the genre of lamentation folk songs known as ''"Moirologia"'', or dirges (Byzantine secular music).〔Margaret Alexiou, Dimitrios Yatromanolakis, Panagiotis Roilos. ''"Byzantine tradition and the laments for the fall of Constantinople."'' In: The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition. 2nd Ed. Greek Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. pp.85–90. ISBN 9780742507579〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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